| [ Summary ] |
Malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis (MIA) form a syndrome which is highly associated with morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), particularly in dialysis patients. The presence of MIA syndrome is an important part of residual uremic syndrome, although it is in part caused by coexisting comorbidity. While chronic inflammation is a central factor for the onset and course of MIA syndrome, possible factors related to pathophysiological changes in MIA syndrome include comorbid illnesses, and oxidative and carbonyl stress, nutrient loss through dialysis, anorexia, uremic toxins, decreased clearance of inflammatory cytokines, volume overload, and dialysis-related factors. Moreover, inadequates diets can accelerate and aggravate components of MIA syndrome. |