| [ Summary ] |
Erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) hyporesponsiveness is a state in which patients need high doses of ESA to increase and maintain target hemoglobin levels. The incidence of ESA hyporesponsiveness varies according the criteria used, such as target hemoglobin values, and the definition of "appropriate doses of ESA". The cause of ESA hyporesponsiveness is multifactorial, but iron deficiency and inflammation are major causes. Individualized treatment is needed to care for ESA hyporesponsive patients, balancing the benefits and risks of using higher doses of ESA, iron, and blood transfusion. |