| [ Summary ] |
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, particularly those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), are at much higher risk of cardiovascular disease than the general population. This is attributable to more advanced vascular lesions, including atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in CKD patients. The etiology of cardiovascular disease in CKD is complex and may result from an increased prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity, and hyperhomocysteinemia as well as factors unique to uremia or dialysis such as calcium-phosphate disorders, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone-associated proteins. This review discusses accumulated or deficient substances in CKD, contributing to the progression of cardiovascular disease. |