| [ Summary ] |
New dialysis modalities for push & pull HDF or online HDF have recently been widely introduced. It is essential to purify dialysates for these modalities, including the removal of endotoxins. In order to keep bacterial contamination and endotoxin levels within acceptable levels for patients, appropriate treatment of raw (tap) water, disinfection and rinsing of piping systems for dialysate supply lines or / and consoles with optimum concentration of chemicals is necessary. To supply more purified dialysates, the installation of ETCF is necessary, guaranteeing the safety of the system. ETCF can be used differently according to the particular purpose and can provide an endotoxin-free product by providing adequate maintenance of the filters. After the ISO specifications for these issues are decided on, it is anticipated that efforts to improve the quality of dialysates will be considered further and the economic burden on dialysis units will become greater. Future studies will be concerned with suppression of system contamination. |