| [ Summary ] |
Carboxy methyl lysine, pyrraline, pentosidine, crossline, imidazolone, glyoxal dimer and methyl glyoxal dimer are AGES which have been identified in uremic patients. Production of AGES is accelerated with active intermediates such as 3-deoxy-glucosone, glyoxal and methylglyoxal.
The concentration of AGES increases markedly in uremic patients. Directed migration (chemotaxis) and random cell migration (chemokinesis) activities of human monocytes to AGES have been observed. AGES increased the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 from macrophages. Cumulative studies have suggested that AGES are important chronic-reactive uremic toxins. |