| [ Summary ] |
Leptin decreases serotonin release via receptors located in the brain stem. Subsequently, serotonin increases appetite and bone mass through the hypothalamus. Melanocortins, CART and neuromedin U also regulate both energy metabolism and bone metabolism in concert with leptin and the sympathetic nervous system. Moreover, osteocalcin, which is secreted from osteoblasts, upregulates insulin and adiponectin secretion by directly acting on the pancreas and adipocytes, respectively. Thus, it has been discovered that energy metabolism is closely involved with bone metabolism and vice versa. |