| [ Summary ] |
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with high mortality and morbidity, and such patients have poor exercise tolerance. A variety of factors including anemia, poor muscle mass, cardiovascular changes, and limited physical activity contribute to exercise intolerance. This review focuses on the importance and efficacy of exercise and sports for hemodialysis (HD) patients. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials have revealed that exercise-based renal rehabilitation (aerobic and resistance training) improves aerobic capacity, muscular functioning, cardiovascular function, walking capacity, and health-related quality of life in CKD patients undergoing HD. A proper risk assessment, thorough medical examination, exercise testing, and counselling are recommended before initiating an exercise regimen in individuals with CKD. Although renal transplant patients have successfully enrolled and excelled in many national and international sporting events including track and field, swimming, table tennis, tennis, badminton, bowling, volleyball, golf, cycling, and road races, the current recommendation is for individuals undergoing HD to avoid collision sports. Special care must be taken to avoid infection or damage to the peritoneal dialysis catheter and HD vascular access sites. |